(பகுதி2)
ஆதிதிராவிட பழங்குடி மக்களுக்கு கல்வி தந்த திமுக
தமிழக கல்வி வளர்ச்சியில் திமுக போட்ட அடித்தளம்
தமிழகத்தின் முன்னேற்றத்திற்கு அடித்தளம் இட்டது திமுகவின் 1967-1975 ஆட்சிதான் பகுதி(2)
To Improve the economic condition of the scheduled Castes and
scheduled Tribes It was very necessary to provide them with proper education for
progress through acquisition of knowledge. In the sphere of education, the
scheduled castes and scheduled Tribes occupied the lowest place.
Till I960, the Government of Tamil Nadu met the expenditure incurred for (a) the purposes of
maintaining, schools; (b) provision of scholarships; (c) grant of stipends for
training of teachers; (d) providing Mid-day meals; (e) maintenance of free
hostels at important centres; (f) grant of financial assistance to hostels, schools,
etc., for the benefit of the scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The scholarships awarded by the Central Government to the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes, helped them to continue their education.
During the D.M.K. rule, the state Government introduced a new scheme known as 'the
Gandhi Memorial Scholarship. Under this scheme, the Hindu Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes who had secured highest marks in Pre-University Class in
each district (one boy and one girl) were given a lump sum grant of Rs.500/- at
the time of admission and a recurring scholarship of Rs.100/-per month for three
months. The above said scholarship was granted for a period of six years
This was in addition to any other scholarships to which the student was ordinarily entitled. From the year 1970 - 71 to 1974 - 75, the Gandhi Memorial scholarships
were awarded to 377 students amounting to about Rs.4,46,200/-.
A new scheme known as the 'Tamil Nadu Harijan Welfare Loan
Scholarships' was introduced in 1971-72, by the Government of Tamil Nadu.
These loan scholarships were awarded for 1960 students. The expenditure
incurred by the Government amounted to Rs.9,58,617/- during the period of four
years stretching from 1971-75.
Under this scheme an annual loan ranging from
Rs.970/- to 1,750/- per annum was sanctioned to each candidate. No interest was
charged on this loan amount.
Financial assistance was also given to five law graduates belonging to the scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes to enable them to enroll and practice as advocates. A sum of Rs.500/- and Rs.750/- was given as loans to these
candidates from the year 1974-75 onwards.
The Tamil Nadu Government also
approved a scheme of training 5 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes
candidates for Chartered Accountant course in 1975.
Financial assistance was
given to these trainees to meet the cost of books, pocket expenses, boarding and
lodging charges, examination fees, etc.
The Harijan welfare Department in Tamil Nadu maintained 860 schools
in all for the benefit of the scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes as shown
below:
TABLE-II
Schools Number
Primary schools 734
Middle Schools. 81
High Schools. 19
Night Schools. 17
Pial Schools. 1
Moreover, the.Government had ordered the opening of one hundred
single teacher Harijan Welfare Elementary schools during the academic year
1975-76 at an estimated cost of Rs.8.02 lakhs.
(G.O.Ms.No.122, Department of Social Welfare, 17 May, 1972.)
The system of supplying Mid-day meals to the Harijan students in the
Harijan Welfare Schools was intended to encourage them to attend schools
regularly and also to prevent their parents from taking them out of the schools to
augment their family income. A sura of Rs.30 lakhs was provided in the Budget
Estimate of 1974-75, towards the supply of Mid-day meals to the Harijan
Welfare Schools run by the Department.
In selected schools other than Harijan
Welfare Schools, a sum of Rs.9 lakhs was provided for the supply of mid-day meals to the Harijan children. About 1.5 lakh pupils were benefitted by the mid-
day meal scheme.
Incentive prizes in the form of clothing were given to Scheduled Caste
students who have regular attendance in the schools, for inducing cent percent
attendance.
The Headmasters and Headmistresses who attain 100% attendance in
these schools were given silver medals at the district level.
The boys and girls
who secured the highest marks in the S.S.L.C. Public Examination were awarded
prizes in the shape of Savings Certificates to inculcate a spirit of competition
among the Scheduled Caste students. A sliver shield was also presented to the
Harijan Welfare Schools which secured the highest percentage of passes in the
State every year.
A loan scholarship scheme was also implemented from
1971 to help the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe students from pursuing
professional courses
Due to increasing enrolment, more number of schools
were opened .and the teaching staff also increased. The teachers found it difficult
to find accommodation in the places where the schools were located.
So from
1967-68 a phased programme of providing accommodation for teachers was
inaugurated at a cost of Rs. 5,000/- per house. A proposal was made to increase
the amount to Rs. 10,000/- in the plains and Rs. 11,000/- in the hills.2
(G.O.Ms.No.122, Department of Social Welfare, 17 May,1972.)
Special Coaching Centres
The Government introduced the scheme of giving special coaching to
boys and girls who had good academic record.
The Director of Collegiate
Education selected those students who had secured 60% and more marks for this
special coaching. The students selected for coaching were given travelling
allowance and daily allowance for their expenses during the period of coaching.
This scheme was aimed at bringing rural students to Madras, so that they might
Utilise educational facilities like libraries, laboratories, attending lectures and
benefit from the guidance of College Professors in the city. This scheme was
later extended to Madurai, Coimbatore, Trichy and Tanjore districts also. A sum
of Rs.50,000/- was provided in the Budget Estimate for 1975-76 for the above
mentioned scheme.
Free tuition was proposed to the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
students in the Pre-University course and in the three year degree courses in two
batches comprising of 200 students each in the morning and evening. These
students were given special tuition in Presidency College, Madras. Also three
hundred girls in two batches of 150 each got this tution in the Government Arts
College for Women, Madras.
During 1974-75 about 306 boys and 33 girls were
benefited under this scheme.26 The Government also sanctioned special
coaching to failed Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe students in Standards IX
to XI to improve their educational ability.
(G.O.Ms.No.810, Department of Social Welfare,
l0 October, 1972.)
There was an acute dearth of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
candidates qualified in typewriting and shorthand inspite of the availability of
scholarships. This was because the students discontinue the courses, half way
through without paying the tution fees. The scholarship was given for the tution
fee was often issues for the money was then given to the students directly to
remove this the government of Tamil Nadu. Experimentally introduced a special
scheme of giving training to the scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe candidates
in typewriting and shorthand in the districts of Madras, Coimbatore, Trichy and
Madurai.
The scheme when first implemented in 1971-72, was introduced only
in the district headquarters, but from 1975-76, it was extended to taluk
headquarters also. Under this scheme the fees payable by the students was paid
by the Government to the institute directly.
(G.O.Ms.No. 1203, Department of Social Welfare, 11 December, 1972.)
.
Training: For Competitive Examinations
As the standard of the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribe who appeared for the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
Examinations was found to be very poor, a scheme was started for imparting Special Counselling and Training to candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes who applied for the posts of Junior Assistants and Typists
in the Tamil Nadu Ministerial and Judicial Services. This was sanctioned in the
year 1965 even during the congress rule. The training started about five months
before the commencement of group IV competitive examinations and fifty
candidates were admitted in each centre. Candidates were eligible for a sum of
Rs.40/- per month, a stipend to meet their boarding and lodging charges,
conveyance, etc., during the period of training.
(Table III shows the particulars
regarding training centres from 1966-67 to 1974-75.30)
Pre-Examination Coaching Centre for I.A.S. and I.P.S. Examinations
To impart training to the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe candidates
appearing for I.A.S. and I.P.S. and allied Services competitive examinations
conducted by the U.P.S.C. the Pre-Examination Training Centre was started in
the year 1966. This Institute is financed by the Government of India and
managed by the Government of Tamil Nadu. Arrangements were made to impart
coaching in all subjects by efficient and experienced Professors and Tutors.
Further, the Government of Tamil Nadu, introduced the scheme of special
orientation course for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe candidates who
appeared for Competitive examinations for recruitment of officers in the Armed
Forces.
The scheme contemplated training to 15 candidates belonging to
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and 15 belonging to Backward Classes
for a period of one year 50% of the expenditure was met from out of the Harijan
Welfare Department funds while the rest was met from the Backward Classes
Department funds.
B. Government Hostels
The low literacy level of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was
due to the inability of the students to continue their education in places other than
their home town. This was because of the absence of inexpensive hostels. Hostel
facilities were therefore provided for Scheduled Caste students who come from remote villages. Every year new hostels were opened based on the needs of the
students and the financial resources available. To facilitate free mingling of
Harijan students with caste Hindus as a step towards eradication of
untouchability, a certain percentage i.e., 20% of Backward Class and 5%
Forward Caste students were admitted in the Government hostels for Scheduled
Castes.
(G.O.Ms.No.804. Department of Social Welfare, 11 December, 1972).
There were 566 Government hostels run by the Harijan welfare
Department for the benefit of the Scheduled Castes.
(The details were given in Table IV.)
Total 566
The total strength of students accommodated in these hostels was 35,666 of
which 26,534 were boys and 9,132 were girls.
The entire Harijan student community cannot be accommodated in the
Government hostels. Therefore boarding grants are given to voluntary and private agencies who admit the Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribe students in
their hostels.
The policy of the D.M.K. Government was not to recognise any
few private hostels for the purpose of grants but to take over all the subsidised
hostels in a phased programme. Most of the government and private hostels were
located in private buildings.
To provide suitable buildings for the hostels with all
the basic amentities, a special programme of construction of 100 hostels at an
estimated cost of one crore of rupees was launched during 1974 - 75.32 These
buildings were to be constructed by the Tamil Nadu Harijan Housing and
Development Corporation.
The Government also made arrangements for the
regular medical check up of hostel students by medical officers from Primary
Health Centres and Government Headquarters Hospitals every week from 1970 -
71 onwards. The implementation of this scheme was through the Director of
Health and Family Planning, Madras. Part-time tutors were appointed for these
hostels to help the students in their studies.
The various concessions granted to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes in the educational field enabled them to progress economically and
socially.
The various concessions like scholarships, free supply of books,
clothing and preference in matters of recruitment in government offices gave
them a permanent footing in the society. Table V shows the number of Harijan
schools and total strength of students in the schools during the D.M.K. rule.
TABLE - V
(Statement of Harijan welfare schools in Tamil Nadu with Total strength
during the period from 1967 – 68 to 1975 – 76)
ஆதிதிராவிட பழங்குடி மக்களுக்கு கல்வி தந்த திமுக
தமிழக கல்வி வளர்ச்சியில் திமுக போட்ட அடித்தளம்
தமிழகத்தின் முன்னேற்றத்திற்கு அடித்தளம் இட்டது திமுகவின் 1967-1975 ஆட்சிதான் பகுதி(2)
To Improve the economic condition of the scheduled Castes and
scheduled Tribes It was very necessary to provide them with proper education for
progress through acquisition of knowledge. In the sphere of education, the
scheduled castes and scheduled Tribes occupied the lowest place.
Till I960, the Government of Tamil Nadu met the expenditure incurred for (a) the purposes of
maintaining, schools; (b) provision of scholarships; (c) grant of stipends for
training of teachers; (d) providing Mid-day meals; (e) maintenance of free
hostels at important centres; (f) grant of financial assistance to hostels, schools,
etc., for the benefit of the scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The scholarships awarded by the Central Government to the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes, helped them to continue their education.
During the D.M.K. rule, the state Government introduced a new scheme known as 'the
Gandhi Memorial Scholarship. Under this scheme, the Hindu Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes who had secured highest marks in Pre-University Class in
each district (one boy and one girl) were given a lump sum grant of Rs.500/- at
the time of admission and a recurring scholarship of Rs.100/-per month for three
months. The above said scholarship was granted for a period of six years
This was in addition to any other scholarships to which the student was ordinarily entitled. From the year 1970 - 71 to 1974 - 75, the Gandhi Memorial scholarships
were awarded to 377 students amounting to about Rs.4,46,200/-.
A new scheme known as the 'Tamil Nadu Harijan Welfare Loan
Scholarships' was introduced in 1971-72, by the Government of Tamil Nadu.
These loan scholarships were awarded for 1960 students. The expenditure
incurred by the Government amounted to Rs.9,58,617/- during the period of four
years stretching from 1971-75.
Under this scheme an annual loan ranging from
Rs.970/- to 1,750/- per annum was sanctioned to each candidate. No interest was
charged on this loan amount.
Financial assistance was also given to five law graduates belonging to the scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes to enable them to enroll and practice as advocates. A sum of Rs.500/- and Rs.750/- was given as loans to these
candidates from the year 1974-75 onwards.
The Tamil Nadu Government also
approved a scheme of training 5 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes
candidates for Chartered Accountant course in 1975.
Financial assistance was
given to these trainees to meet the cost of books, pocket expenses, boarding and
lodging charges, examination fees, etc.
The Harijan welfare Department in Tamil Nadu maintained 860 schools
in all for the benefit of the scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes as shown
below:
TABLE-II
Schools Number
Primary schools 734
Middle Schools. 81
High Schools. 19
Night Schools. 17
Pial Schools. 1
Moreover, the.Government had ordered the opening of one hundred
single teacher Harijan Welfare Elementary schools during the academic year
1975-76 at an estimated cost of Rs.8.02 lakhs.
(G.O.Ms.No.122, Department of Social Welfare, 17 May, 1972.)
The system of supplying Mid-day meals to the Harijan students in the
Harijan Welfare Schools was intended to encourage them to attend schools
regularly and also to prevent their parents from taking them out of the schools to
augment their family income. A sura of Rs.30 lakhs was provided in the Budget
Estimate of 1974-75, towards the supply of Mid-day meals to the Harijan
Welfare Schools run by the Department.
In selected schools other than Harijan
Welfare Schools, a sum of Rs.9 lakhs was provided for the supply of mid-day meals to the Harijan children. About 1.5 lakh pupils were benefitted by the mid-
day meal scheme.
Incentive prizes in the form of clothing were given to Scheduled Caste
students who have regular attendance in the schools, for inducing cent percent
attendance.
The Headmasters and Headmistresses who attain 100% attendance in
these schools were given silver medals at the district level.
The boys and girls
who secured the highest marks in the S.S.L.C. Public Examination were awarded
prizes in the shape of Savings Certificates to inculcate a spirit of competition
among the Scheduled Caste students. A sliver shield was also presented to the
Harijan Welfare Schools which secured the highest percentage of passes in the
State every year.
A loan scholarship scheme was also implemented from
1971 to help the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe students from pursuing
professional courses
Due to increasing enrolment, more number of schools
were opened .and the teaching staff also increased. The teachers found it difficult
to find accommodation in the places where the schools were located.
So from
1967-68 a phased programme of providing accommodation for teachers was
inaugurated at a cost of Rs. 5,000/- per house. A proposal was made to increase
the amount to Rs. 10,000/- in the plains and Rs. 11,000/- in the hills.2
(G.O.Ms.No.122, Department of Social Welfare, 17 May,1972.)
Special Coaching Centres
The Government introduced the scheme of giving special coaching to
boys and girls who had good academic record.
The Director of Collegiate
Education selected those students who had secured 60% and more marks for this
special coaching. The students selected for coaching were given travelling
allowance and daily allowance for their expenses during the period of coaching.
This scheme was aimed at bringing rural students to Madras, so that they might
Utilise educational facilities like libraries, laboratories, attending lectures and
benefit from the guidance of College Professors in the city. This scheme was
later extended to Madurai, Coimbatore, Trichy and Tanjore districts also. A sum
of Rs.50,000/- was provided in the Budget Estimate for 1975-76 for the above
mentioned scheme.
Free tuition was proposed to the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
students in the Pre-University course and in the three year degree courses in two
batches comprising of 200 students each in the morning and evening. These
students were given special tuition in Presidency College, Madras. Also three
hundred girls in two batches of 150 each got this tution in the Government Arts
College for Women, Madras.
During 1974-75 about 306 boys and 33 girls were
benefited under this scheme.26 The Government also sanctioned special
coaching to failed Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe students in Standards IX
to XI to improve their educational ability.
(G.O.Ms.No.810, Department of Social Welfare,
l0 October, 1972.)
There was an acute dearth of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
candidates qualified in typewriting and shorthand inspite of the availability of
scholarships. This was because the students discontinue the courses, half way
through without paying the tution fees. The scholarship was given for the tution
fee was often issues for the money was then given to the students directly to
remove this the government of Tamil Nadu. Experimentally introduced a special
scheme of giving training to the scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe candidates
in typewriting and shorthand in the districts of Madras, Coimbatore, Trichy and
Madurai.
The scheme when first implemented in 1971-72, was introduced only
in the district headquarters, but from 1975-76, it was extended to taluk
headquarters also. Under this scheme the fees payable by the students was paid
by the Government to the institute directly.
(G.O.Ms.No. 1203, Department of Social Welfare, 11 December, 1972.)
.
Training: For Competitive Examinations
As the standard of the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribe who appeared for the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
Examinations was found to be very poor, a scheme was started for imparting Special Counselling and Training to candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes who applied for the posts of Junior Assistants and Typists
in the Tamil Nadu Ministerial and Judicial Services. This was sanctioned in the
year 1965 even during the congress rule. The training started about five months
before the commencement of group IV competitive examinations and fifty
candidates were admitted in each centre. Candidates were eligible for a sum of
Rs.40/- per month, a stipend to meet their boarding and lodging charges,
conveyance, etc., during the period of training.
(Table III shows the particulars
regarding training centres from 1966-67 to 1974-75.30)
Pre-Examination Coaching Centre for I.A.S. and I.P.S. Examinations
To impart training to the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe candidates
appearing for I.A.S. and I.P.S. and allied Services competitive examinations
conducted by the U.P.S.C. the Pre-Examination Training Centre was started in
the year 1966. This Institute is financed by the Government of India and
managed by the Government of Tamil Nadu. Arrangements were made to impart
coaching in all subjects by efficient and experienced Professors and Tutors.
Further, the Government of Tamil Nadu, introduced the scheme of special
orientation course for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe candidates who
appeared for Competitive examinations for recruitment of officers in the Armed
Forces.
The scheme contemplated training to 15 candidates belonging to
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and 15 belonging to Backward Classes
for a period of one year 50% of the expenditure was met from out of the Harijan
Welfare Department funds while the rest was met from the Backward Classes
Department funds.
B. Government Hostels
The low literacy level of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was
due to the inability of the students to continue their education in places other than
their home town. This was because of the absence of inexpensive hostels. Hostel
facilities were therefore provided for Scheduled Caste students who come from remote villages. Every year new hostels were opened based on the needs of the
students and the financial resources available. To facilitate free mingling of
Harijan students with caste Hindus as a step towards eradication of
untouchability, a certain percentage i.e., 20% of Backward Class and 5%
Forward Caste students were admitted in the Government hostels for Scheduled
Castes.
(G.O.Ms.No.804. Department of Social Welfare, 11 December, 1972).
There were 566 Government hostels run by the Harijan welfare
Department for the benefit of the Scheduled Castes.
(The details were given in Table IV.)
Total 566
The total strength of students accommodated in these hostels was 35,666 of
which 26,534 were boys and 9,132 were girls.
The entire Harijan student community cannot be accommodated in the
Government hostels. Therefore boarding grants are given to voluntary and private agencies who admit the Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribe students in
their hostels.
The policy of the D.M.K. Government was not to recognise any
few private hostels for the purpose of grants but to take over all the subsidised
hostels in a phased programme. Most of the government and private hostels were
located in private buildings.
To provide suitable buildings for the hostels with all
the basic amentities, a special programme of construction of 100 hostels at an
estimated cost of one crore of rupees was launched during 1974 - 75.32 These
buildings were to be constructed by the Tamil Nadu Harijan Housing and
Development Corporation.
The Government also made arrangements for the
regular medical check up of hostel students by medical officers from Primary
Health Centres and Government Headquarters Hospitals every week from 1970 -
71 onwards. The implementation of this scheme was through the Director of
Health and Family Planning, Madras. Part-time tutors were appointed for these
hostels to help the students in their studies.
The various concessions granted to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes in the educational field enabled them to progress economically and
socially.
The various concessions like scholarships, free supply of books,
clothing and preference in matters of recruitment in government offices gave
them a permanent footing in the society. Table V shows the number of Harijan
schools and total strength of students in the schools during the D.M.K. rule.
TABLE - V
(Statement of Harijan welfare schools in Tamil Nadu with Total strength
during the period from 1967 – 68 to 1975 – 76)
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