கலைஞரின் சாதனைகள் பகுதி (3)
திமுக ஆட்சி 1967-75 ஆட்சியில்தான் ஏழைகளுக்கு இலவச வீட்டு வசதி திட்டம் அறிமுகம் (பகுதி3) உரிய புள்ளிவிபரங்களுடன்.
இலவச பட்டாக்கள்
The most important of the schemes launched by the D.M.K. Government,
was the provision of houses to the Harijans. The government assigned
government lands wherever available to the needy houseless Scheduled Caste
and Scheduled Tribe individuals for construction of houses.
About 1,12,901
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe individuals were provided with house-sites
by the government.
An average of 20 lakhs of rupees were spent every year on
acquisition of lands for this purpose. Generally a maximum of 5 cents in rural
areas and 3 cents in urban areas was being assigned for this housing scheme.
A sum of Rs.42 crores has been spent from 1950 to March 31, 1975 towards the
cost of acquisition of sites for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes.
TABLE –VII
Statement showing Housing sites offered to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes from 1967 – 1975.
Year Number of Housing Sites offered
1967- 1,62,155
1968- 1,56,268
1969 - 1,88,272
1970 -12,787
1971- 5,603
1972- 21,377
1973 - 9,697
1974 -16,740
1975 - 7,690
TOTAL - 5,80,589
(Tamil Nadu State Administrative Report from 1967-75, pp.560.62,)
The pattern of assistance was revised in 1970-71. The construction of
single type fire proff houses was undertaken at a cost Rs.940/- each and double
type houses at a cost of Rs.1,805/- each.
In 1972-73, for houses constructed on
plains, the subsidy was Rs.1,200/- and a further loan of Rs.400/- was given
taking the amount to Rs.1,600/-.35
For houses in hilly areas, the subsidy was
Rs.1,500/- and the loan Rs.500/-.
The table below presents details of allotment,
expenditure for housing and houses constructed.
TABLE - VIII
Year Allotment. Houses
(
1970 – 71 - 445
1971 – 72. 612
1972 – 73. 483
1973 – 74. 383
Jayanthi Village Programme
In commemoration of the 25th Anniversary of Indian Independence, the
government of TamilNadu, sanctioned a scheme for the construction of houses
for Harijans in 100 selected Harijan colonies at the rate of 23 houses per village
at a cost of Rs.46 lakhs. This scheme was implemented in 1973-7437
( G.O.Ms.No.497, Department of Social Welfare, 9 August ,1972, )
தாட்கோ திட்டம்
Tamil Nadu Harijan Housing and Development Corporation
To provide houses for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in
rural areas, the D.M.K. Government resolved to construct one lakh houses within
two years, through the Harijan Housing and Development Corporation.
This corporation was started and registered under the provisions of the Companies
Act 1956 on march 1, 1974.
According to the 1971 Census there were 14.5 lakhs
Harijan ' families in Tamil Nadu.
Therefore it was necessary to construct at least
one lakh houses.
The estimated cost of one lakh houses worked out to 30 crores
of rupees.
The houses were to have a plinth area of 240 sq.ft. with facilities like
a smokeless kitchen, sanitary arrangements and a bath room.
During the D.M.K.
rule, only 30,012 houses were built against the proposed one lakh houses of
which the Scheduled Castes were given 25,154 and the rest were given to
Scheduled Tribes.
The houses were given free of cost.38
The Congress Government had allotted money for sinking of wells in
Harijan colonies; this was continued by the D.M.K. government also
தீண்டாமை ஒழிப்பு :-
Award of Gold Medals to Intercaste married Couples and
Eradication of Untouchability
The D.M.K. to encourage intercaste marriage awarded Gold medals to the
couples if one of the couples was a Hindu Harijan and the other a caste Hindu.
A certificate of appreciation was also given. The children born to such inter-caste
couples (Hindu Harijan married to a higher caste Hindu) were allowed to choose
either of the parents’ caste which seemed beneficial to them.
The table IX below shows the number of Gold medals awarded to the inter-caste couples from
1968 - 69 to 1975 – 76.41
TABLE – IX
Year Number Awarded
1968 – 69 48
1969 – 70 35
1970 – 71 65
1971 – 72 20
1972 – 73 29
1973 – 74 80
1974 – 75 40
1975 – 76 100
Further, the government had ordered that the applications for interest free
loans from couples where one of them is a Harijan should be considered
favourably.
The government also ordered three cents or land for house sites for
such inter-caste couples if they did not own housing sites already. The
government also awarded Rs.200/- to such intercaste married couples for purchasing utensils and meeting other incidental charges of setting up the family.
Award of Prizes to Neatly Maintained Harijan Colonies
To encourage cleanliness in the Harijan colonies, to improve the
surroundings and maintain a healthy atmosphere which will contribute to the
improvement of their status in society, prizes were awarded to well maintained
colonies.
The value of the first prize was Rs.1,000/- the second prize Rs.500%.
Originally this scheme was introduced in 1961 by the congress government in
TamilNadu and it was also continued by the D.M.K. Government.
The Harijan week celebrations were started in 1949 from 24 January to 30
January. The various schemes for the economic upliftment of Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes were explained to the public and they were asked to Co-
operate with the government in the eradication of the Social evils.
45 community Centres and Community Halls
There were 25 community centers in Tamil Nadu, engaged in Social
Education. These were set up from 1957 onwards. In these centres both Harijan
and Non-Harijan children mingled freely. Milk and Mid-day meals were
supplied. The children were entertained with play materials.
During the D.M.K.
rule from 1972, two sets of dress, one set for Deepavali and another for Pongal
were supplied to the children attending these, centres.
Each centre was
manned by a male and a female social worker and a woman attendant. Five
Community Halls were built in five districts for conducting marriages and for a
get-together of caste Hindus and Harijans.
Legal Assistance to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Legal assistance was given to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in
ejected eviction cases.
The Tamil Nadu Legal Aid Rules (1975) ensure legal help
to the Harijans.
The applications for legal aid were made to the District Harijan
Welfare Officers of the districts concrened when the applicant first appeared
before the Court. If the Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe was an accused in
Civil or Criminal cases, he was given legal aid in all the proceedings. Legal -Aid was also given in appeal and revision cases relating to
(a) ejectment and eviction
cases;
(b). in cases of accidents;
(c) in service matters; and
(d) in cases relating to
social and economic rights individually or jointly.
Economic progress of scheduled Castes and scheduled Tribes
To improve the economic condition of the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribe, the D.M.K. Government implemented the following loan
schemes.
Till 1975 only Hidu Harijans were eligible to get this assistance and in
1975 the converted Christian, Harijans were also extended the loan facilities.
The Congress Government introduced the scheme of granting Rs.250/- as
a subsidy for purchase of bulls in 1961; the amount was raised to Rs.400/-.
The
D.M.K. Government raised the amount to Rs. 500/- in 1970 and Rs.600/- in 1974. Another scheme was grant of loans for sinking of irrigation wells to the
poor Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe farmers In the beginning the amount
of subsidy was Rs.1500/-. It was raised to Rs.2000/- in 1970 and further raised to
Rs.2500/- in 1975.
TABLE – X
Amount spent in Lakhs for the purchase for bulls and sinking wells for
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Year
Amount Spent for
Purchase of Bulls
and Sinking of
Wells
No. of beneficiaries
under the scheme of
purchasing bulls
No. of beneficiaries
under the scheme of
sinking irrigation
wells
S.C. S.T. S.C. S.T. S.C. S.T.
1966-67 115.15 14.55 26,501 2,635 2,525 298
1967–68 7.9 1.38 679 321 482 104
1968–69 5.73 1.21 --- --- 517 136
1969–70 9.15 2.94 542 100 --- 122
1970–71 8.69 2.54 420 216 --- 195
1971–72 9.86 2.82 253 220 921 277
1972–73 2.97 2.80 191 200 206 100
1973–74 8.68 1.63 200 200 918 100
1974–75 4.16 0.85 153 109 523 102
1975–76 6.00 1.50 166 96 581 58
Another scheme for their economic progress was the granting schools and
implements to technically trained Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
persons.
The Table XI below gives the number of technically trained
beneficiaries, given tools and implements.
TABLE – XI
Year Scheduled
Castes
Scheduled
Tribes
Harijan
Christians
1973 – 74 417 66 --
1974 – 75 608 90 --
1975 – 76 473 25 26
In 1968 a scheme of granting interest free loans to the Petty traders was
initiated.
Under this scheme eighteen trades were eligible for getting loans. The
sanctioned amount was not to exceed Rs.5,000/- according to the nature of the
trade and the demand and solvency of the beneficiaries. The amount was
repayable in 100 equal instalments.
The Government of Madras issued this first common at G.O. on 16th
September 1921 and gave direction to all the Heads of Departments to implement
the G.O. as directed in the standing G.o. M.S.No.128 (2) of Board of Revenue.
The Brahmin community that had nearly monopolished the Public Services could
fillup only the 5th and 12th of the vacancies in every dozen.
After 1947 the
raster points of the communal G.o’s were raised from 14 to 20.51
50% of the
population was found to be below the poverty line, their development was an
imperative need for the development of the State.
The Congress government of
Tamil Nadu initiated many welfare measures for the welfare of the Backward
Classes.
Later the D.M.K. Government formed a separate Department for the
Backward Classes through which it implemented many of the Welfare
Schemes.52
The Congress Government had undertaken various measures for the
socio-economic development of Backward Classes. The Government provided
half concessional fee to the Backward Class students in the field of education till
March 31, 1948. From 1948 onwards the government awarded scholarships to
these students. The Labour Welfare Officer of the Harijan Welfare Department
was put in charge of the scheme. In accordance with the recommendation of the
State Harijan Welfare Commission, a separate Harijan Welfare Department was
formed in April 1949 to look after the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and also that of the Backward Classes. Further in the year 1949
in accordance with the recommendation of the Backward Class Commission, a
separate department of Backward Classes was formed in 1969 and all matters
relating to the Backward Classes and the Denotified Tribes were entrusted to this
Department.
பிற்பட்டோருக்கு தனித்துறை
A Director of Backward Classes, an officer drawn from the I.A.S. cadre
was put in charge of the welfare of the Backward Classes and Denotified Tribes
in the State. In the district, the District. Welfare Officer and the Special Deputy
Collector (Kalian Reclamation) Madurai, working under the administrative
control of the District Collectors were made responsible for the Welfare of the
Backward Classes and Denotified Tribes.
Educational Programmes for Backward Classes
Education plays an important role in uplifting Backward Classes from
ignorance and poverty. So the D.M.K. allotted a lot of money for the educational
programmes meant for the improvement of Backward Classes. The educational
programmes consisted of the award of scholarships, setting up of government
hostels, reservation of seats in educational institutions, special training centre and
granting of educational loans, etc.
Awarding of scholarships
The programme of awarding scholarships was confined to the Scheduled
Tribes till 1948. It was extended to the Backward Classes during the Congress
rule. This was continued during the D.M.K. period. The D.M.K. government
granted scholarships to the Backward Class pupils whose parents had an annual
income upto R2,000/-.
The Table below shows the total number of pupils benefited by the
Scholarships and the amount spent from 1967 to 1975.
TABLE – XIII
Year Number of Scholarships Amount granted
(in Lakhs of Rupees)
(1) (2) (3)
1967–68 32,797 82.32
1968–69 58,822 132.54
1969–70 90,867 160.80
1970–71 1,40,546 200.27
1971–72 1,71,597 293.63
1972–73 1,88,275 324.90
1973–74 1,74,057 318.86
1974–75 1,67,101 301.23
Government Hostels
Mere grant of free studentships and scholarships was not enough to attract
the Backward Class children to the educational institutions. Backward Class
people residing in the interior villages could not afford to send their children for
higher education in the towns and cities due to poverty. To help such Backward
Class students, during the Congress rule, hostels were built for their benefit.
There were only 11 hostels for Backward Class students during the congress rule.
The number of hostels built by the D.M.K. raised the number of hostels to 196.
The government hostels for Backward Class students accommodated students
from all courses including the professional courses. In these hostels,
boarding, lodging, books, stationery and other essential commodities were
provided free of cost to all the inmates. A certain percentage of Forward and
Scheduled Caste students were also admitted to bring about caste integration.
To improve the standard of education, and to help the students in their lessons, part-
time tutors were appointed in the government hostels. To meet the
expenditure of maintaining these hostels the government gave Rs.35/-
permensem for every boarder, for the hostels located in the District Taluk
Headquarters and Madras City, and Rs.30/- per mensem per boarder for the
hostels located in other places.
. Ad-hoc grants representing two-thirds of the
boarding grants were also sanctioned to pupils belonging to Forward
Communities.
The table below shows the number of hostels maintained and the
number of boarders of the Backward Community from the year 1969 - 1975.56
TABLE – XIV
Year Total Number of
Hostels
Total Sanctioned
Strength
(1) (2) (3)
1969–70 11 979
1970–71 28 2144
1971–72 81 5333
1972–73 123 7608
1973–74 144 9348
1974–75 177 11210
1975 - 76 196 12095
The following table gives the information about the subsidies given to such
hostels.
TABLE – XV
Year
Total Number of
Subsidised
Hostels
No. of Grants
sanctioned Amount Spent (in
Lakhs of Rupees)
(1) (2) (3)
1969–70 62 2,700 5.40
1970–71 62 2,893 5.76
1971–72 62 2,744 5.40
1972–73 55 2,461 5.19
1973–74 55 2,876 5.10
1974–75 55 2,693 5.92
1975 - 76 56 2,741 4.99
இலவச கல்வி PUC வரை
Free Education upto Pre-University Course
To fulfill the promise made in the constitution, the Congress government
provided free education for all, irrespective of caste, creed, religion and status
upto S.S.L.C. In addition to this the D.M.K. government provided free education
for all upto Pre-University Course.
Special Coaching Centre for Backward Classes
The students of Backward Classes were not able to compete with the
Forward Caste students in the Civil Serive examinations because of their
educationally poor background. The number of backward class candidates in
these cadres was very low.
In Tamil Nadu, there were only 11 civil Service
officers belonging to the backward Community in 1967. Though they
constituted 52% of the total population, their number in the I.A.S. Cadre
constituted only 7%. To get this imbalance removed, the D.M.K. government,
started a Special Coaching Centre at Madras in 1971 for preparing the Backward
Class candidates for the I.A.S. and other Central Services Examinations. For this
Coaching Scheme, the income of the parents was not taken into consideration.
Every year 50 candidates were admitted and trained in this centre. The
government provided free boarding and lodging for them.58 The only criterion
for admission was a minimum of 60% in the M.Sc, Examination and 50% and
above in the M.A. degree Examination.
The next important scheme was the granting of loan scholarships. Only
those students of the professional courses, whose parents' income ranged
between Rs.2,500/- and Rs.6,000/- per year were eligible to get this loan.
The scheme was a new one introduced by the D.M.K. government in 1971. Under
this scheme every year 250 candidates got a loan of Rs.500/- each.
M. Economic Programmes for Backward Classes
The important programmes for the economic upliftment of the Backward
Classes were the reservation of posts in Government services, provision of
Housing sites and providing work tools to some of the Backward Communities
like barbers and dhobis, To ensure fair representation of the various sections of
the Population in government services, the Communal G.O. passed by the justice
Party in 1921-24 was followed.
Later during the Congress rule 25% of seats
were reserved for the backward Classes in public institutions and public services.
This was increased to 35% during D.M.K. rule.59
Housing sites were allotted to the Backward classes people. 10% of the
total number of sites were given to the poor Backward Class people who where
willing to reside in the midst of the Harijans in the Harijan colonies.
The D.M.K. Government also provided work tools free of cost of the barbers and
dhobis. These people belonged to the most Backward Classes and their
economic conditions were bad. To improve their lives, the government supplied free tools from 1969.
The Table below gives the details regarding this scheme
from 1969 to 1975.61
TABLE – XVI
YEAR No. of Barbers
benefited
No. of Dhobies
benefited
Amount Spent (in
Lakhs of Rs.)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1969–70 60 60 1.38
1970–71 60 60 1.22
1971–72 60 62 34,280
(Thousand)
1972–73 827 827 2.3
1973–74 2,041 8,040 4.99
1974–75 2,259 1,702 6.8
1975 - 76 7,828 1,753 5.76
Welfare Measures For Denotified Tribes
During the Bristish rule, the government felt that a section of the people
belonging to scheduled Castes and Backward Classes were indulging in anti
social activities, like murder, theft, and decoity due to poverty.
The government
passed the criminal Tribes Act in 1871 which introduced the principle of
notification and registration of such Criminal gangs, tribes and classes.
After independence in 1953, the Criminal Tribes Act was repealed for the constitution
guaranteed that a man cannot be considered quality unless he is proved to be so in a court of law. After the repeal of this Act, the people who were notified as
‘Criminal’ under the Criminal Tribes Act were called Ex-Criminal or Denotified
Tribes.
After the formation of the Backward Classes Department, the welfare of the
Denotified Tribes was looked after by the Backward Classes Department. In the
Districts, the District Welfare Officers and the Special Deputy Collectors, (Kallar
reclamation) Madurai working under the administrative control of the District
Collector were made responsible for the welfare of the Denotified Tribes
Education for Denotified Tribes
Separate schools were started for the welfare of the Denotified Tribes.
During the Congress rule there were 242 schools for the Denotified Tribes. The number of schools rose to 276 during the D.M.K. period. The above number
includes the Kallar Schools.
The table below shows the number of Denotified
Tribes Welfare Schools during 1967 – 75.65
TABLE – XVII
Total No.
of
Denotified
Tribes
Schools
Elementary
Schools
Higher
Elementary
Schools
High
Schools
Total
Strength
of these
Schools
1967 – 68 242 204 34 4 32,206
1968 - 69 242 205 33 4 32,040
1969–70 269 230 34 5 34,092
1970–71 271 229 27 5 34,281
1971–72 275 233 33 9 35,786
1972–73 277 235 32 10 42,836
1973–74 277 235 32 10 42,836
1974–75 277 235 32 10 42,836
1975 - 76 276 232 34 10 40,017
Government Boarding Homes for Denotified Tribes
For the welfare of the students of the Denotified Tribes, there were 15
Government Boarding Homes with a sanctioned strength of 2,150 during the
Congress rule. It was raised to 53 with a sanctioned strength of 5,069 during the
D.M.K. rule. The table below shows the number of Government Boarding
Homes during 1967-75
TABLE – XX
YEAR Amount Granted
Rs.
1967 17,250
1968 30,500
1969 8,750
1970 11,000
1971 12,300
1972 --
1973 --
1974 15,100
1975 17,100
Bull Subsidy Scheme
Till 1961 – 62 during the Congress period a subsidy of Rs.320/- per bull
(including Rs.35/- for purchasing tools and seeds) was given to the Denotified
Tribes for purchasing Bulls. During the D.M.K. rule, it was raised to Rs.500/- in
1970 and Rs.600/- in 1974. The table below shows the number of beneficiaries
and the amount spent from the year 1967 to 1975.
TABLE – XXI
YEAR Number of
Beneficiaries
Amount spent in
Rs.
1967 126 50,400
1968 129 51,600
1969 85 34,400
1970 102 51,000
1971 136 68,000
1972 142 71,000
1973 92 46,000
1974 108 64,000
1975 168 1,00,000
IDrinking Water Wells
To provide drinking water facilities to the Denotified Tribes, the D.M.K.
government earmarked certain amount each year. The table below shows the
amount spent from 1967 to 1975 to provide drinking water.
TABLE – XXII
YEAR Amount Spent in
Rs.
1967 920
1968 25000
1969 32600
1970 4200
1971 --
1972 --
1973 3000
1974 15000
1975 42000
Co-Operative Societies for Denotified Tribes
During the D.M.K. rule, there were 347 Kallar Co-operative Societies for
meeting the needs of the Denotified Tribes of which 255 Societies were affiliated
to the Madurai District Co-operative Central Bank, Madurai. One Society was
placed under the control of the village Industries Officers, for the recovery of
government loan dues and one Society remained dormant.
கலைஞரின் சாதனைகள்
தொடரும்
திமுக ஆட்சி 1967-75 ஆட்சியில்தான் ஏழைகளுக்கு இலவச வீட்டு வசதி திட்டம் அறிமுகம் (பகுதி3) உரிய புள்ளிவிபரங்களுடன்.
இலவச பட்டாக்கள்
The most important of the schemes launched by the D.M.K. Government,
was the provision of houses to the Harijans. The government assigned
government lands wherever available to the needy houseless Scheduled Caste
and Scheduled Tribe individuals for construction of houses.
About 1,12,901
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe individuals were provided with house-sites
by the government.
An average of 20 lakhs of rupees were spent every year on
acquisition of lands for this purpose. Generally a maximum of 5 cents in rural
areas and 3 cents in urban areas was being assigned for this housing scheme.
A sum of Rs.42 crores has been spent from 1950 to March 31, 1975 towards the
cost of acquisition of sites for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes.
TABLE –VII
Statement showing Housing sites offered to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes from 1967 – 1975.
Year Number of Housing Sites offered
1967- 1,62,155
1968- 1,56,268
1969 - 1,88,272
1970 -12,787
1971- 5,603
1972- 21,377
1973 - 9,697
1974 -16,740
1975 - 7,690
TOTAL - 5,80,589
(Tamil Nadu State Administrative Report from 1967-75, pp.560.62,)
The pattern of assistance was revised in 1970-71. The construction of
single type fire proff houses was undertaken at a cost Rs.940/- each and double
type houses at a cost of Rs.1,805/- each.
In 1972-73, for houses constructed on
plains, the subsidy was Rs.1,200/- and a further loan of Rs.400/- was given
taking the amount to Rs.1,600/-.35
For houses in hilly areas, the subsidy was
Rs.1,500/- and the loan Rs.500/-.
The table below presents details of allotment,
expenditure for housing and houses constructed.
TABLE - VIII
Year Allotment. Houses
(
1970 – 71 - 445
1971 – 72. 612
1972 – 73. 483
1973 – 74. 383
Jayanthi Village Programme
In commemoration of the 25th Anniversary of Indian Independence, the
government of TamilNadu, sanctioned a scheme for the construction of houses
for Harijans in 100 selected Harijan colonies at the rate of 23 houses per village
at a cost of Rs.46 lakhs. This scheme was implemented in 1973-7437
( G.O.Ms.No.497, Department of Social Welfare, 9 August ,1972, )
தாட்கோ திட்டம்
Tamil Nadu Harijan Housing and Development Corporation
To provide houses for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in
rural areas, the D.M.K. Government resolved to construct one lakh houses within
two years, through the Harijan Housing and Development Corporation.
This corporation was started and registered under the provisions of the Companies
Act 1956 on march 1, 1974.
According to the 1971 Census there were 14.5 lakhs
Harijan ' families in Tamil Nadu.
Therefore it was necessary to construct at least
one lakh houses.
The estimated cost of one lakh houses worked out to 30 crores
of rupees.
The houses were to have a plinth area of 240 sq.ft. with facilities like
a smokeless kitchen, sanitary arrangements and a bath room.
During the D.M.K.
rule, only 30,012 houses were built against the proposed one lakh houses of
which the Scheduled Castes were given 25,154 and the rest were given to
Scheduled Tribes.
The houses were given free of cost.38
The Congress Government had allotted money for sinking of wells in
Harijan colonies; this was continued by the D.M.K. government also
தீண்டாமை ஒழிப்பு :-
Award of Gold Medals to Intercaste married Couples and
Eradication of Untouchability
The D.M.K. to encourage intercaste marriage awarded Gold medals to the
couples if one of the couples was a Hindu Harijan and the other a caste Hindu.
A certificate of appreciation was also given. The children born to such inter-caste
couples (Hindu Harijan married to a higher caste Hindu) were allowed to choose
either of the parents’ caste which seemed beneficial to them.
The table IX below shows the number of Gold medals awarded to the inter-caste couples from
1968 - 69 to 1975 – 76.41
TABLE – IX
Year Number Awarded
1968 – 69 48
1969 – 70 35
1970 – 71 65
1971 – 72 20
1972 – 73 29
1973 – 74 80
1974 – 75 40
1975 – 76 100
Further, the government had ordered that the applications for interest free
loans from couples where one of them is a Harijan should be considered
favourably.
The government also ordered three cents or land for house sites for
such inter-caste couples if they did not own housing sites already. The
government also awarded Rs.200/- to such intercaste married couples for purchasing utensils and meeting other incidental charges of setting up the family.
Award of Prizes to Neatly Maintained Harijan Colonies
To encourage cleanliness in the Harijan colonies, to improve the
surroundings and maintain a healthy atmosphere which will contribute to the
improvement of their status in society, prizes were awarded to well maintained
colonies.
The value of the first prize was Rs.1,000/- the second prize Rs.500%.
Originally this scheme was introduced in 1961 by the congress government in
TamilNadu and it was also continued by the D.M.K. Government.
The Harijan week celebrations were started in 1949 from 24 January to 30
January. The various schemes for the economic upliftment of Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes were explained to the public and they were asked to Co-
operate with the government in the eradication of the Social evils.
45 community Centres and Community Halls
There were 25 community centers in Tamil Nadu, engaged in Social
Education. These were set up from 1957 onwards. In these centres both Harijan
and Non-Harijan children mingled freely. Milk and Mid-day meals were
supplied. The children were entertained with play materials.
During the D.M.K.
rule from 1972, two sets of dress, one set for Deepavali and another for Pongal
were supplied to the children attending these, centres.
Each centre was
manned by a male and a female social worker and a woman attendant. Five
Community Halls were built in five districts for conducting marriages and for a
get-together of caste Hindus and Harijans.
Legal Assistance to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Legal assistance was given to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in
ejected eviction cases.
The Tamil Nadu Legal Aid Rules (1975) ensure legal help
to the Harijans.
The applications for legal aid were made to the District Harijan
Welfare Officers of the districts concrened when the applicant first appeared
before the Court. If the Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe was an accused in
Civil or Criminal cases, he was given legal aid in all the proceedings. Legal -Aid was also given in appeal and revision cases relating to
(a) ejectment and eviction
cases;
(b). in cases of accidents;
(c) in service matters; and
(d) in cases relating to
social and economic rights individually or jointly.
Economic progress of scheduled Castes and scheduled Tribes
To improve the economic condition of the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribe, the D.M.K. Government implemented the following loan
schemes.
Till 1975 only Hidu Harijans were eligible to get this assistance and in
1975 the converted Christian, Harijans were also extended the loan facilities.
The Congress Government introduced the scheme of granting Rs.250/- as
a subsidy for purchase of bulls in 1961; the amount was raised to Rs.400/-.
The
D.M.K. Government raised the amount to Rs. 500/- in 1970 and Rs.600/- in 1974. Another scheme was grant of loans for sinking of irrigation wells to the
poor Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe farmers In the beginning the amount
of subsidy was Rs.1500/-. It was raised to Rs.2000/- in 1970 and further raised to
Rs.2500/- in 1975.
TABLE – X
Amount spent in Lakhs for the purchase for bulls and sinking wells for
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Year
Amount Spent for
Purchase of Bulls
and Sinking of
Wells
No. of beneficiaries
under the scheme of
purchasing bulls
No. of beneficiaries
under the scheme of
sinking irrigation
wells
S.C. S.T. S.C. S.T. S.C. S.T.
1966-67 115.15 14.55 26,501 2,635 2,525 298
1967–68 7.9 1.38 679 321 482 104
1968–69 5.73 1.21 --- --- 517 136
1969–70 9.15 2.94 542 100 --- 122
1970–71 8.69 2.54 420 216 --- 195
1971–72 9.86 2.82 253 220 921 277
1972–73 2.97 2.80 191 200 206 100
1973–74 8.68 1.63 200 200 918 100
1974–75 4.16 0.85 153 109 523 102
1975–76 6.00 1.50 166 96 581 58
Another scheme for their economic progress was the granting schools and
implements to technically trained Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
persons.
The Table XI below gives the number of technically trained
beneficiaries, given tools and implements.
TABLE – XI
Year Scheduled
Castes
Scheduled
Tribes
Harijan
Christians
1973 – 74 417 66 --
1974 – 75 608 90 --
1975 – 76 473 25 26
In 1968 a scheme of granting interest free loans to the Petty traders was
initiated.
Under this scheme eighteen trades were eligible for getting loans. The
sanctioned amount was not to exceed Rs.5,000/- according to the nature of the
trade and the demand and solvency of the beneficiaries. The amount was
repayable in 100 equal instalments.
The Government of Madras issued this first common at G.O. on 16th
September 1921 and gave direction to all the Heads of Departments to implement
the G.O. as directed in the standing G.o. M.S.No.128 (2) of Board of Revenue.
The Brahmin community that had nearly monopolished the Public Services could
fillup only the 5th and 12th of the vacancies in every dozen.
After 1947 the
raster points of the communal G.o’s were raised from 14 to 20.51
50% of the
population was found to be below the poverty line, their development was an
imperative need for the development of the State.
The Congress government of
Tamil Nadu initiated many welfare measures for the welfare of the Backward
Classes.
Later the D.M.K. Government formed a separate Department for the
Backward Classes through which it implemented many of the Welfare
Schemes.52
The Congress Government had undertaken various measures for the
socio-economic development of Backward Classes. The Government provided
half concessional fee to the Backward Class students in the field of education till
March 31, 1948. From 1948 onwards the government awarded scholarships to
these students. The Labour Welfare Officer of the Harijan Welfare Department
was put in charge of the scheme. In accordance with the recommendation of the
State Harijan Welfare Commission, a separate Harijan Welfare Department was
formed in April 1949 to look after the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and also that of the Backward Classes. Further in the year 1949
in accordance with the recommendation of the Backward Class Commission, a
separate department of Backward Classes was formed in 1969 and all matters
relating to the Backward Classes and the Denotified Tribes were entrusted to this
Department.
பிற்பட்டோருக்கு தனித்துறை
A Director of Backward Classes, an officer drawn from the I.A.S. cadre
was put in charge of the welfare of the Backward Classes and Denotified Tribes
in the State. In the district, the District. Welfare Officer and the Special Deputy
Collector (Kalian Reclamation) Madurai, working under the administrative
control of the District Collectors were made responsible for the Welfare of the
Backward Classes and Denotified Tribes.
Educational Programmes for Backward Classes
Education plays an important role in uplifting Backward Classes from
ignorance and poverty. So the D.M.K. allotted a lot of money for the educational
programmes meant for the improvement of Backward Classes. The educational
programmes consisted of the award of scholarships, setting up of government
hostels, reservation of seats in educational institutions, special training centre and
granting of educational loans, etc.
Awarding of scholarships
The programme of awarding scholarships was confined to the Scheduled
Tribes till 1948. It was extended to the Backward Classes during the Congress
rule. This was continued during the D.M.K. period. The D.M.K. government
granted scholarships to the Backward Class pupils whose parents had an annual
income upto R2,000/-.
The Table below shows the total number of pupils benefited by the
Scholarships and the amount spent from 1967 to 1975.
TABLE – XIII
Year Number of Scholarships Amount granted
(in Lakhs of Rupees)
(1) (2) (3)
1967–68 32,797 82.32
1968–69 58,822 132.54
1969–70 90,867 160.80
1970–71 1,40,546 200.27
1971–72 1,71,597 293.63
1972–73 1,88,275 324.90
1973–74 1,74,057 318.86
1974–75 1,67,101 301.23
Government Hostels
Mere grant of free studentships and scholarships was not enough to attract
the Backward Class children to the educational institutions. Backward Class
people residing in the interior villages could not afford to send their children for
higher education in the towns and cities due to poverty. To help such Backward
Class students, during the Congress rule, hostels were built for their benefit.
There were only 11 hostels for Backward Class students during the congress rule.
The number of hostels built by the D.M.K. raised the number of hostels to 196.
The government hostels for Backward Class students accommodated students
from all courses including the professional courses. In these hostels,
boarding, lodging, books, stationery and other essential commodities were
provided free of cost to all the inmates. A certain percentage of Forward and
Scheduled Caste students were also admitted to bring about caste integration.
To improve the standard of education, and to help the students in their lessons, part-
time tutors were appointed in the government hostels. To meet the
expenditure of maintaining these hostels the government gave Rs.35/-
permensem for every boarder, for the hostels located in the District Taluk
Headquarters and Madras City, and Rs.30/- per mensem per boarder for the
hostels located in other places.
. Ad-hoc grants representing two-thirds of the
boarding grants were also sanctioned to pupils belonging to Forward
Communities.
The table below shows the number of hostels maintained and the
number of boarders of the Backward Community from the year 1969 - 1975.56
TABLE – XIV
Year Total Number of
Hostels
Total Sanctioned
Strength
(1) (2) (3)
1969–70 11 979
1970–71 28 2144
1971–72 81 5333
1972–73 123 7608
1973–74 144 9348
1974–75 177 11210
1975 - 76 196 12095
The following table gives the information about the subsidies given to such
hostels.
TABLE – XV
Year
Total Number of
Subsidised
Hostels
No. of Grants
sanctioned Amount Spent (in
Lakhs of Rupees)
(1) (2) (3)
1969–70 62 2,700 5.40
1970–71 62 2,893 5.76
1971–72 62 2,744 5.40
1972–73 55 2,461 5.19
1973–74 55 2,876 5.10
1974–75 55 2,693 5.92
1975 - 76 56 2,741 4.99
இலவச கல்வி PUC வரை
Free Education upto Pre-University Course
To fulfill the promise made in the constitution, the Congress government
provided free education for all, irrespective of caste, creed, religion and status
upto S.S.L.C. In addition to this the D.M.K. government provided free education
for all upto Pre-University Course.
Special Coaching Centre for Backward Classes
The students of Backward Classes were not able to compete with the
Forward Caste students in the Civil Serive examinations because of their
educationally poor background. The number of backward class candidates in
these cadres was very low.
In Tamil Nadu, there were only 11 civil Service
officers belonging to the backward Community in 1967. Though they
constituted 52% of the total population, their number in the I.A.S. Cadre
constituted only 7%. To get this imbalance removed, the D.M.K. government,
started a Special Coaching Centre at Madras in 1971 for preparing the Backward
Class candidates for the I.A.S. and other Central Services Examinations. For this
Coaching Scheme, the income of the parents was not taken into consideration.
Every year 50 candidates were admitted and trained in this centre. The
government provided free boarding and lodging for them.58 The only criterion
for admission was a minimum of 60% in the M.Sc, Examination and 50% and
above in the M.A. degree Examination.
The next important scheme was the granting of loan scholarships. Only
those students of the professional courses, whose parents' income ranged
between Rs.2,500/- and Rs.6,000/- per year were eligible to get this loan.
The scheme was a new one introduced by the D.M.K. government in 1971. Under
this scheme every year 250 candidates got a loan of Rs.500/- each.
M. Economic Programmes for Backward Classes
The important programmes for the economic upliftment of the Backward
Classes were the reservation of posts in Government services, provision of
Housing sites and providing work tools to some of the Backward Communities
like barbers and dhobis, To ensure fair representation of the various sections of
the Population in government services, the Communal G.O. passed by the justice
Party in 1921-24 was followed.
Later during the Congress rule 25% of seats
were reserved for the backward Classes in public institutions and public services.
This was increased to 35% during D.M.K. rule.59
Housing sites were allotted to the Backward classes people. 10% of the
total number of sites were given to the poor Backward Class people who where
willing to reside in the midst of the Harijans in the Harijan colonies.
The D.M.K. Government also provided work tools free of cost of the barbers and
dhobis. These people belonged to the most Backward Classes and their
economic conditions were bad. To improve their lives, the government supplied free tools from 1969.
The Table below gives the details regarding this scheme
from 1969 to 1975.61
TABLE – XVI
YEAR No. of Barbers
benefited
No. of Dhobies
benefited
Amount Spent (in
Lakhs of Rs.)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1969–70 60 60 1.38
1970–71 60 60 1.22
1971–72 60 62 34,280
(Thousand)
1972–73 827 827 2.3
1973–74 2,041 8,040 4.99
1974–75 2,259 1,702 6.8
1975 - 76 7,828 1,753 5.76
Welfare Measures For Denotified Tribes
During the Bristish rule, the government felt that a section of the people
belonging to scheduled Castes and Backward Classes were indulging in anti
social activities, like murder, theft, and decoity due to poverty.
The government
passed the criminal Tribes Act in 1871 which introduced the principle of
notification and registration of such Criminal gangs, tribes and classes.
After independence in 1953, the Criminal Tribes Act was repealed for the constitution
guaranteed that a man cannot be considered quality unless he is proved to be so in a court of law. After the repeal of this Act, the people who were notified as
‘Criminal’ under the Criminal Tribes Act were called Ex-Criminal or Denotified
Tribes.
After the formation of the Backward Classes Department, the welfare of the
Denotified Tribes was looked after by the Backward Classes Department. In the
Districts, the District Welfare Officers and the Special Deputy Collectors, (Kallar
reclamation) Madurai working under the administrative control of the District
Collector were made responsible for the welfare of the Denotified Tribes
Education for Denotified Tribes
Separate schools were started for the welfare of the Denotified Tribes.
During the Congress rule there were 242 schools for the Denotified Tribes. The number of schools rose to 276 during the D.M.K. period. The above number
includes the Kallar Schools.
The table below shows the number of Denotified
Tribes Welfare Schools during 1967 – 75.65
TABLE – XVII
Total No.
of
Denotified
Tribes
Schools
Elementary
Schools
Higher
Elementary
Schools
High
Schools
Total
Strength
of these
Schools
1967 – 68 242 204 34 4 32,206
1968 - 69 242 205 33 4 32,040
1969–70 269 230 34 5 34,092
1970–71 271 229 27 5 34,281
1971–72 275 233 33 9 35,786
1972–73 277 235 32 10 42,836
1973–74 277 235 32 10 42,836
1974–75 277 235 32 10 42,836
1975 - 76 276 232 34 10 40,017
Government Boarding Homes for Denotified Tribes
For the welfare of the students of the Denotified Tribes, there were 15
Government Boarding Homes with a sanctioned strength of 2,150 during the
Congress rule. It was raised to 53 with a sanctioned strength of 5,069 during the
D.M.K. rule. The table below shows the number of Government Boarding
Homes during 1967-75
TABLE – XX
YEAR Amount Granted
Rs.
1967 17,250
1968 30,500
1969 8,750
1970 11,000
1971 12,300
1972 --
1973 --
1974 15,100
1975 17,100
Bull Subsidy Scheme
Till 1961 – 62 during the Congress period a subsidy of Rs.320/- per bull
(including Rs.35/- for purchasing tools and seeds) was given to the Denotified
Tribes for purchasing Bulls. During the D.M.K. rule, it was raised to Rs.500/- in
1970 and Rs.600/- in 1974. The table below shows the number of beneficiaries
and the amount spent from the year 1967 to 1975.
TABLE – XXI
YEAR Number of
Beneficiaries
Amount spent in
Rs.
1967 126 50,400
1968 129 51,600
1969 85 34,400
1970 102 51,000
1971 136 68,000
1972 142 71,000
1973 92 46,000
1974 108 64,000
1975 168 1,00,000
IDrinking Water Wells
To provide drinking water facilities to the Denotified Tribes, the D.M.K.
government earmarked certain amount each year. The table below shows the
amount spent from 1967 to 1975 to provide drinking water.
TABLE – XXII
YEAR Amount Spent in
Rs.
1967 920
1968 25000
1969 32600
1970 4200
1971 --
1972 --
1973 3000
1974 15000
1975 42000
Co-Operative Societies for Denotified Tribes
During the D.M.K. rule, there were 347 Kallar Co-operative Societies for
meeting the needs of the Denotified Tribes of which 255 Societies were affiliated
to the Madurai District Co-operative Central Bank, Madurai. One Society was
placed under the control of the village Industries Officers, for the recovery of
government loan dues and one Society remained dormant.
கலைஞரின் சாதனைகள்
தொடரும்
No comments:
Post a Comment